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Table of Contents
PHP底層的運行機制與原理,php底層運行機制
1. PHP的設計理念及特點
2. PHP的四層體系
3. Sapi
4. PHP的執(zhí)行流程&opcode
5. HashTable — 核心數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構
6. PHP變量
Home php教程 php手冊 PHP底層的運行機制與原理,php底層運行機制

PHP底層的運行機制與原理,php底層運行機制

Jun 13, 2016 am 08:46 AM
Wuling

PHP底層的運行機制與原理,php底層運行機制

PHP說簡單,但是要精通也不是一件簡單的事。我們除了會使用之外,還得知道它底層的工作原理。

PHP是一種適用于web開發(fā)的動態(tài)語言。具體點說,就是一個用C語言實現(xiàn)包含大量組件的軟件框架。更狹義點看,可以把它認為是一個強大的UI框架。

了解PHP底層實現(xiàn)的目的是什么?動態(tài)語言要像用好首先得了解它,內(nèi)存管理、框架模型值得我們借鑒,通過擴展開發(fā)實現(xiàn)更多更強大的功能,優(yōu)化我們程序的性能。

1. PHP的設計理念及特點

  • 多進程模型:由于PHP是多進程模型,不同請求間互不干涉,這樣保證了一個請求掛掉不會對全盤服務造成影響,當然,隨著時代發(fā)展,PHP也早已支持多線程模型。
  • 弱類型語言:和C/C++、Java、C#等語言不同,PHP是一門弱類型語言。一個變量的類型并不是一開始就確定不變,運行中才會確定并可能發(fā)生隱式或顯式的類型轉(zhuǎn)換,這種機制的靈活性在web開發(fā)中非常方便、高效,具體會在后面PHP變量中詳述。
  • 引擎(Zend)+組件(ext)的模式降低內(nèi)部耦合。
  • 中間層(sapi)隔絕web server和PHP。
  • 語法簡單靈活,沒有太多規(guī)范。缺點導致風格混雜,但再差的程序員也不會寫出太離譜危害全局的程序。

2. PHP的四層體系

PHP的核心架構如下圖:

從圖上可以看出,PHP從下到上是一個4層體系:

  • Zend引擎:Zend整體用純C實現(xiàn),是PHP的內(nèi)核部分,它將PHP代碼翻譯(詞法、語法解析等一系列編譯過程)為可執(zhí)行opcode的處理并實現(xiàn)相應的處理方法、實現(xiàn)了基本的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(如hashtable、oo)、內(nèi)存分配及管理、提供了相應的api方法供外部調(diào)用,是一切的核心,所有的外圍功能均圍繞Zend實現(xiàn)。
  • Extensions:圍繞著Zend引擎,extensions通過組件式的方式提供各種基礎服務,我們常見的各種內(nèi)置函數(shù)(如array系列)、標準庫等都是通過extension來實現(xiàn),用戶也可以根據(jù)需要實現(xiàn)自己的extension以達到功能擴展、性能優(yōu)化等目的(如貼吧正在使用的PHP中間層、富文本解析就是extension的典型應用)。
  • Sapi:Sapi全稱是Server Application Programming Interface,也就是服務端應用編程接口,Sapi通過一系列鉤子函數(shù),使得PHP可以和外圍交互數(shù)據(jù),這是PHP非常優(yōu)雅和成功的一個設計,通過sapi成功的將PHP本身和上層應用解耦隔離,PHP可以不再考慮如何針對不同應用進行兼容,而應用本身也可以針對自己的特點實現(xiàn)不同的處理方式。
  • 上層應用:這就是我們平時編寫的PHP程序,通過不同的sapi方式得到各種各樣的應用模式,如通過webserver實現(xiàn)web應用、在命令行下以腳本方式運行等等。

如果PHP是一輛車,那么車的框架就是PHP本身,Zend是車的引擎(發(fā)動機),Ext下面的各種組件就是車的輪子,Sapi可以看做是公路,車可以跑在不同類型的公路上,而一次PHP程序的執(zhí)行就是汽車跑在公路上。因此,我們需要:性能優(yōu)異的引擎+合適的車輪+正確的跑道。

3. Sapi

如前所述,Sapi通過通過一系列的接口,使得外部應用可以和PHP交換數(shù)據(jù)并可以根據(jù)不同應用特點實現(xiàn)特定的處理方法,我們常見的一些sapi有:

  • apache2handler:這是以apache作為webserver,采用mod_PHP模式運行時候的處理方式,也是現(xiàn)在應用最廣泛的一種。
  • cgi:這是webserver和PHP直接的另一種交互方式,也就是大名鼎鼎的fastcgi協(xié)議,在最近今年fastcgi+PHP得到越來越多的應用,也是異步webserver所唯一支持的方式。
  • cli:命令行調(diào)用的應用模式

4. PHP的執(zhí)行流程&opcode

我們先來看看PHP代碼的執(zhí)行所經(jīng)過的流程。

從圖上可以看到,PHP實現(xiàn)了一個典型的動態(tài)語言執(zhí)行過程:拿到一段代碼后,經(jīng)過詞法解析、語法解析等階段后,源程序會被翻譯成一個個指令(opcodes),然后ZEND虛擬機順次執(zhí)行這些指令完成操作。PHP本身是用C實現(xiàn)的,因此最終調(diào)用的也都是C的函數(shù),實際上,我們可以把PHP看做是一個C開發(fā)的軟件。

PHP的執(zhí)行的核心是翻譯出來的一條一條指令,也即opcode。

Opcode是PHP程序執(zhí)行的最基本單位。一個opcode由兩個參數(shù)(op1,op2)、返回值和處理函數(shù)組成。PHP程序最終被翻譯為一組opcode處理函數(shù)的順序執(zhí)行。

常見的幾個處理函數(shù):

1 ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CV_HANDLER : 變量分配 ($a=$b
2 ZEND_DO_FCALL_BY_NAME_SPEC_HANDLER:函數(shù)調(diào)用
3 ZEND_CONCAT_SPEC_CV_CV_HANDLER:字符串拼接?$a.$b
4 ZEND_ADD_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER: 加法運算?$a+2
5 ZEND_IS_EQUAL_SPEC_CV_CONST:判斷相等?$a==1
6 ZEND_IS_IDENTICAL_SPEC_CV_CONST:判斷相等?$a===1

5. HashTable — 核心數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構

HashTable是zend的核心數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構,在PHP里面幾乎并用來實現(xiàn)所有常見功能,我們知道的PHP數(shù)組即是其典型應用,此外,在zend內(nèi)部,如函數(shù)符號表、全局變量等也都是基于hash table來實現(xiàn)。

PHP的hash table具有如下特點:

  • 支持典型的key->value查詢
  • 可以當做數(shù)組使用
  • 添加、刪除節(jié)點是O(1)復雜度
  • key支持混合類型:同時存在關聯(lián)數(shù)組合索引數(shù)組
  • Value支持混合類型:array (“string”,2332)
  • 支持線性遍歷:如foreach

Zend hash table實現(xiàn)了典型的hash表散列結(jié)構,同時通過附加一個雙向鏈表,提供了正向、反向遍歷數(shù)組的功能。其結(jié)構如下圖:

可以看到,在hash table中既有key->value形式的散列結(jié)構,也有雙向鏈表模式,使得它能夠非常方便的支持快速查找和線性遍歷。

    • 散列結(jié)構:Zend的散列結(jié)構是典型的hash表模型,通過鏈表的方式來解決沖突。需要注意的是zend的hash table是一個自增長的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構,當hash表數(shù)目滿了之后,其本身會動態(tài)以2倍的方式擴容并重新元素位置。初始大小均為8。另外,在進行key->value快速查找時候,zend本身還做了一些優(yōu)化,通過空間換時間的方式加快速度。比如在每個元素中都會用一個變量nKeyLength標識key的長度以作快速判定。
    • 雙向鏈表:Zend hash table通過一個鏈表結(jié)構,實現(xiàn)了元素的線性遍歷。理論上,做遍歷使用單向鏈表就夠了,之所以使用雙向鏈表,主要目的是為了快速刪除,避免遍歷。Zend hash table是一種復合型的結(jié)構,作為數(shù)組使用時,即支持常見的關聯(lián)數(shù)組也能夠作為順序索引數(shù)字來使用,甚至允許2者的混合。
    • PHP關聯(lián)數(shù)組:關聯(lián)數(shù)組是典型的hash_table應用。一次查詢過程經(jīng)過如下幾步(從代碼可以看出,這是一個常見的hash查詢過程并增加一些快速判定加速查找。):
01 getKeyHashValue h;
02 index = n & nTableMask;
03 Bucket *p = arBucket[index];
04 while?(p) {
05 ????if?((p->h == h) && (p->nKeyLength == nKeyLength)) {
06 ????????RETURN p->data;???
07 ????}
08 ????p=p->next;
09 }
10 RETURN FALTURE;
  • PHP索引數(shù)組:索引數(shù)組就是我們常見的數(shù)組,通過下標訪問。例如 $arr[0],Zend HashTable內(nèi)部進行了歸一化處理,對于index類型key同樣分配了hash值和nKeyLength(為0)。內(nèi)部成員變量nNextFreeElement就是當前分配到的最大id,每次push后自動加一。正是這種歸一化處理,PHP才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)關聯(lián)和非關聯(lián)的混合。由于push操作的特殊性,索引key在PHP數(shù)組中先后順序并不是通過下標大小來決定,而是由push的先后決定。例如 $arr[1] = 2; $arr[2] = 3;對于double類型的key,Zend HashTable會將他當做索引key處理

6. PHP變量

PHP是一門弱類型語言,本身不嚴格區(qū)分變量的類型。PHP在變量申明的時候不需要指定類型。PHP在程序運行期間可能進行變量類型的隱示轉(zhuǎn)換。和其他強類型語言一樣,程序中也可以進行顯示的類型轉(zhuǎn)換。PHP變量可以分為簡單類型(int、string、bool)、集合類型(array resource object)和常量(const)。以上所有的變量在底層都是同一種結(jié)構 zval。

Zval是zend中另一個非常重要的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構,用來標識并實現(xiàn)PHP變量,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構如下:

Zval主要由三部分組成:

  • type:指定了變量所述的類型(整數(shù)、字符串、數(shù)組等)
  • refcount&is_ref:用來實現(xiàn)引用計數(shù)(后面具體介紹)
  • value:核心部分,存儲了變量的實際數(shù)據(jù)

Zvalue是用來保存一個變量的實際數(shù)據(jù)。因為要存儲多種類型,所以zvalue是一個union,也由此實現(xiàn)了弱類型。

PHP變量類型和其實際存儲對應關系如下:

1 IS_LONG???-> lvalue
2 IS_DOUBLE?-> dvalue
3 IS_ARRAY??-> ht
4 IS_STRING?-> str
5 IS_RESOURCE?-> lvalue

引用計數(shù)在內(nèi)存回收、字符串操作等地方使用非常廣泛。PHP中的變量就是引用計數(shù)的典型應用。Zval的引用計數(shù)通過成員變量is_ref和ref_count實現(xiàn),通過引用計數(shù),多個變量可以共享同一份數(shù)據(jù)。避免頻繁拷貝帶來的大量消耗。

在進行賦值操作時,zend將變量指向相同的zval同時ref_count++,在unset操作時,對應的ref_count-1。只有ref_count減為0時才會真正執(zhí)行銷毀操作。如果是引用賦值,則zend會修改is_ref為1。

PHP變量通過引用計數(shù)實現(xiàn)變量共享數(shù)據(jù),那如果改變其中一個變量值呢?當試圖寫入一個變量時,Zend若發(fā)現(xiàn)該變量指向的zval被多個變量共享,則為其復制一份ref_count為1的zval,并遞減原zval的refcount,這個過程稱為“zval分離”??梢?,只有在有寫操作發(fā)生時zend才進行拷貝操作,因此也叫copy-on-write(寫時拷貝)

對于引用型變量,其要求和非引用型相反,引用賦值的變量間必須是捆綁的,修改一個變量就修改了所有捆綁變量。

整數(shù)、浮點數(shù)是PHP中的基礎類型之一,也是一個簡單型變量。對于整數(shù)和浮點數(shù),在zvalue中直接存儲對應的值。其類型分別是long和double。

從zvalue結(jié)構中可以看出,對于整數(shù)類型,和c等強類型語言不同,PHP是不區(qū)分int、unsigned int、long、long long等類型的,對它來說,整數(shù)只有一種類型也就是long。由此,可以看出,在PHP里面,整數(shù)的取值范圍是由編譯器位數(shù)來決定而不是固定不變的。

對于浮點數(shù),類似整數(shù),它也不區(qū)分float和double而是統(tǒng)一只有double一種類型。

在PHP中,如果整數(shù)范圍越界了怎么辦?這種情況下會自動轉(zhuǎn)換為double類型,這個一定要小心,很多trick都是由此產(chǎn)生。

和整數(shù)一樣,字符變量也是PHP中的基礎類型和簡單型變量。通過zvalue結(jié)構可以看出,在PHP中,字符串是由由指向?qū)嶋H數(shù)據(jù)的指針和長度結(jié)構體組成,這點和c++中的string比較類似。由于通過一個實際變量表示長度,和c不同,它的字符串可以是2進制數(shù)據(jù)(包含\0),同時在PHP中,求字符串長度strlen是O(1)操作。

在新增、修改、追加字符串操作時,PHP都會重新分配內(nèi)存生成新的字符串。最后,出于安全考慮,PHP在生成一個字符串時末尾仍然會添加\0

常見的字符串拼接方式及速度比較:

假設有如下4個變量:$strA=‘123’; $strB = ‘456’; $intA=123; intB=456;

現(xiàn)在對如下的幾種字符串拼接方式做一個比較和說明:

1 $res?=?$strA.$strB$res?= “$strA$strB
2 這種情況下,zend會重新malloc一塊內(nèi)存并進行相應處理,其速度一般
3 $strA?=?$strA.$strB
4 這種是速度最快的,zend會在當前strA基礎上直接relloc,避免重復拷貝
5 $res?=?$intA.$intB
6 這種速度較慢,因為需要做隱式的格式轉(zhuǎn)換,實際編寫程序中也應該注意盡量避免
7 $strA?= sprintf (“%s%s”,$strA.$strB);
8 這會是最慢的一種方式,因為sprintf在PHP中并不是一個語言結(jié)構,本身對于格式識別和處理就需要耗費比較多時間,另外本身機制也是malloc。不過sprintf的方式最具可讀性,實際中可以根據(jù)具體情況靈活選擇。

PHP的數(shù)組通過Zend HashTable來天然實現(xiàn)。

foreach操作如何實現(xiàn)?對一個數(shù)組的foreach就是通過遍歷hashtable中的雙向鏈表完成。對于索引數(shù)組,通過foreach遍歷效率比for高很多,省去了key->value的查找。count操作直接調(diào)用HashTable->NumOfElements,O(1)操作。對于’123’這樣的字符串,zend會轉(zhuǎn)換為其整數(shù)形式。$arr[‘123’]和$arr[123]是等價的

資源類型變量是PHP中最復雜的一種變量,也是一種復合型結(jié)構。

PHP的zval可以表示廣泛的數(shù)據(jù)類型,但是對于自定義的數(shù)據(jù)類型卻很難充分描述。由于沒有有效的方式描繪這些復合結(jié)構,因此也沒有辦法對它們使用傳統(tǒng)的操作符。要解決這個問題,只需要通過一個本質(zhì)上任意的標識符(label)引用指針,這種方式被稱為資源。

在zval中,對于resource,lval作為指針來使用,直接指向資源所在的地址。Resource可以是任意的復合結(jié)構,我們熟悉的mysqli、fsock、memcached等都是資源。

如何使用資源:

  • 注冊:對于一個自定義的數(shù)據(jù)類型,要想將它作為資源。首先需要進行注冊,zend會為它分配全局唯一標示。
  • 獲取一個資源變量:對于資源,zend維護了一個id->實際數(shù)據(jù)的hash_tale。對于一個resource,在zval中只記錄了它的id。fetch的時候通過id在hash_table中找到具體的值返回。
  • 資源銷毀:資源的數(shù)據(jù)類型是多種多樣的。Zend本身沒有辦法銷毀它。因此需要用戶在注冊資源的時候提供銷毀函數(shù)。當unset資源時,zend調(diào)用相應的函數(shù)完成析構。同時從全局資源表中刪除它。

資源可以長期駐留,不只是在所有引用它的變量超出作用域之后,甚至是在一個請求結(jié)束了并且新的請求產(chǎn)生之后。這些資源稱為持久資源,因為它們貫通SAPI的整個生命周期持續(xù)存在,除非特意銷毀。很多情況下,持久化資源可以在一定程度上提高性能。比如我們常見的mysql_pconnect ,持久化資源通過pemalloc分配內(nèi)存,這樣在請求結(jié)束的時候不會釋放。 對zend來說,對兩者本身并不區(qū)分。

PHP中的局部變量和全局變量是如何實現(xiàn)的?對于一個請求,任意時刻PHP都可以看到兩個符號表(symbol_table和active_symbol_table),其中前者用來維護全局變量。后者是一個指針,指向當前活動的變量符號表,當程序進入到某個函數(shù)中時,zend就會為它分配一個符號表x同時將active_symbol_table指向a。通過這樣的方式實現(xiàn)全局、局部變量的區(qū)分。

獲取變量值:PHP的符號表是通過hash_table實現(xiàn)的,對于每個變量都分配唯一標識,獲取的時候根據(jù)標識從表中找到相應zval返回。

函數(shù)中使用全局變量:在函數(shù)中,我們可以通過顯式申明global來使用全局變量。在active_symbol_table中創(chuàng)建symbol_table中同名變量的引用,如果symbol_table中沒有同名變量則會先創(chuàng)建。

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