In multithreaded Java environments, attempting to modify a collection while iterating over it using an iterator can lead to a ConcurrentModificationException. This exception arises because the collection's internal state becomes inconsistent.
Here's an example illustrating the exception:
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException at java.base/java.util.ArrayList$Itr.checkForComodification(ArrayList.java:000) at java.base/java.util.ArrayList$Itr.next(ArrayList.java:000) at com.journaldev.ConcurrentModificationException.ConcurrentModificationExceptionExample.main(ConcurrentModificationExceptionExample.java:00)
This exception occurs under these conditions:
- Modification during iteration: The iterator is not designed for concurrent modification.
- Fail-fast iterators: The iterator uses an internal flag (
modCount) to detect modifications and throws the exception.
Algorithm for Reproducing the Exception
This algorithm demonstrates how to trigger a ConcurrentModificationException in Java:
- Initialization: Create an
ArrayList. - Population: Add elements to the
ArrayList. - Iteration: Obtain an iterator using
list.iterator(). - Modification: Inside the iteration loop, modify the
ArrayList(e.g., add or remove elements). - Exception: The
ConcurrentModificationExceptionis thrown when the iterator detects the modification.
Code Example: Triggering the Exception
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class ConcurrentModificationExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<>();
myList.add(1);
myList.add(2);
myList.add(3);
Iterator<Integer> iterator = myList.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Integer value = iterator.next();
System.out.println("Value: " + value);
if (value == 2) {
myList.remove(value); // Modification during iteration!
}
}
}
}
This code will throw a ConcurrentModificationException because myList.remove(value) modifies the list while the iterator is traversing it.
Safe Modification Techniques
To avoid this exception, use these approaches:
-
Iterator.remove(): Use theiterator.remove()method to remove elements during iteration. This method is safe because it's designed to work with the iterator's internal state. -
Copy the List: Create a copy of the list before iterating and modify the copy.
-
Use Concurrent Collections: For concurrent modification scenarios, use thread-safe collections like
CopyOnWriteArrayListorConcurrentHashMap. -
Synchronized Block: Enclose the iteration and modification within a synchronized block to ensure thread safety.
Example: Safe Removal using Iterator.remove()
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class SafeRemovalExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<>();
myList.add(1);
myList.add(2);
myList.add(3);
Iterator<Integer> iterator = myList.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Integer value = iterator.next();
System.out.println("Value: " + value);
if (value == 2) {
iterator.remove(); // Safe removal using iterator.remove()
}
}
System.out.println(myList);
}
}
This revised code safely removes the element without throwing the exception. Remember to choose the appropriate technique based on your specific needs and concurrency requirements. Using concurrent collections is generally preferred for multithreaded scenarios.
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