This article delves into the practical aspects of fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), focusing on Codex and InstructGPT as prime examples. It's the third in a series exploring GPT models, building upon previous discussions of pre-training and scaling.

Fine-tuning is crucial because while pre-trained LLMs are versatile, they often fall short of specialized models tailored to specific tasks. Furthermore, even powerful models like GPT-3 may struggle with complex instructions and maintaining safety and ethical standards. This necessitates fine-tuning strategies.

The article highlights two key fine-tuning challenges: adapting to new modalities (like Codex's adaptation to code generation) and aligning the model with human preferences (as demonstrated by InstructGPT). Both require careful consideration of data collection, model architecture, objective functions, and evaluation metrics.

Codex: Fine-tuning for Code Generation

The article emphasizes the inadequacy of traditional metrics like BLEU score for evaluating code generation. It introduces "functional correctness" and the pass@k metric, offering a more robust evaluation method. The creation of the HumanEval dataset, comprising hand-written programming problems with unit tests, is also highlighted. Data cleaning strategies specific to code are discussed, along with the importance of adapting tokenizers to handle the unique characteristics of programming languages (e.g., whitespace encoding). The article presents results demonstrating Codex's superior performance compared to GPT-3 on HumanEval and explores the impact of model size and temperature on performance.

InstructGPT and ChatGPT: Aligning with Human Preferences

The article defines alignment as the model exhibiting helpfulness, honesty, and harmlessness. It explains how these qualities are translated into measurable aspects like instruction following, hallucination rate, and bias/toxicity. The use of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is detailed, outlining the three stages: collecting human feedback, training a reward model, and optimizing the policy using Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). The article emphasizes the importance of data quality control in the human feedback collection process. Results showcasing InstructGPT's improved alignment, reduced hallucination, and mitigation of performance regressions are presented.

Summary and Best Practices

The article concludes by summarizing key considerations for fine-tuning LLMs, including defining desired behaviors, evaluating performance, collecting and cleaning data, adapting model architecture, and mitigating potential negative consequences. It encourages careful consideration of hyperparameter tuning and emphasizes the iterative nature of the fine-tuning process.

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