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Table of Contents
How does reduce work?
When should I use reduce?
Some common pitfalls and precautions
Summarize the usage tips
Home Backend Development Python Tutorial How to use functools.reduce in Python

How to use functools.reduce in Python

Jul 13, 2025 am 02:48 AM
python

reduce is suitable for aggregation operations such as accumulation, factorial calculation, etc.; the usage is to process iterable objects through accumulation function. 1. The function must accept two parameters and merge elements in sequence; 2. The optional initial value avoids empty list errors; 3. It is often used in arithmetic operations, string splicing and other scenarios; 4. Complex logic needs to be used with caution to ensure readability.

How to use functools.reduce in Python

Using functools.reduce for data aggregation is actually quite straightforward, the key is to understand how it works. It is not a function that can be understood at a glance, but once you know how to use it, it will be much simpler to write the code.

How to use functools.reduce in Python

How does reduce work?

The basic function of reduce is "cumulative calculation". It accepts a function and an iterable object (such as a list), and then "merges" the elements from left to right. This process is a bit like snowballing: the first element is processed together with the second element, the result is processed with the third element, and so on.

Its format is like this:

How to use functools.reduce in Python
 functools.reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])
  • function is a function with two parameters.
  • iterable is the data you want to process.
  • initializer is the initial value (optional).

For a simple example, if you want to add up all the numbers in a list:

 from functools import reduce

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
result = reduce(lambda x, y: xy, nums)
print(result) # output 10

If there is no initial value, it starts with the first two elements by default. If you add the initial value, such as reduce(lambda x, y: xy, nums, 10) , it will add from 10.

How to use functools.reduce in Python

When should I use reduce?

reduce is best used for aggregation operations , such as:

  • Accumulate, multiply
  • Merge strings or lists
  • Multi-condition judgment combination
  • Build nested structures (such as multi-layer dictionaries)

For example, if you want to calculate the factorial, you can write it like this:

 from functools import reduce

factorial = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, range(1, 6)) # 1*2*3*4*5
print(factorial) # output 120

Or you have a set of strings that you want to spell into a complete sentence:

 words = ['Hello', 'world', 'in', 'Python']
sentence = reduce(lambda x, y: x ' ' y, words)
print(sentence) # output "Hello world in Python"

In this case, using reduce is more compact than writing loops.


Some common pitfalls and precautions

  • A function must accept two parameters : because reduce takes two values for operation each time, the function passed to it must be able to process two inputs.
  • Be careful with empty lists : If the passed list is empty and initializer is not set, an error will be reported.
  • Performance issues : Although reduce is written concisely, if the logic is too complex, it may affect readability and may even be difficult to debug.
  • When you can use alternatives, don't force reduce : for example, you can use sum() directly to sum, and you can use ''.join() to connect strings. These are more intuitive than reduce .

To give a counterexample, although the following code can run, it doesn't look clear enough:

 reduce(lambda acc, x: acc.update({x: x**2}) or acc, [1,2,3], {})

The purpose of this line of code is to generate a dictionary, where key and value are squared relationships. But in order to implement this function, use .update() and add or acc to return the value. In this case, using a normal for loop is more clear.


Summarize the usage tips

  • Use reduce as a "gradual merger" tool.
  • Try to avoid complex logic unless you can ensure that others can easily understand it.
  • The initial value is a good thing, especially when you are not sure about inputting data.

Basically that's it. After mastering it, you will find that in some scenarios it can indeed make the code much more refreshing.

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