Functions are the basic unit of organizing code in C, used to realize code reuse and modularization; 1. Functions are created through declarations and definitions, such as intadd(inta,intb) returns the sum of the two numbers; 2. Pass parameters when calling the function, and return the result of the corresponding type after the function is executed; 3. The function without return value uses void as the return type, such as voidgreet(stringname) for outputting greeting information; 4. Using functions can improve code readability, avoid duplication and facilitate maintenance, which is the basic concept of C programming.

decltype is a keyword used by C 11 to deduce expression types at compile time. The derivation results are accurate and do not perform type conversion. 1. decltype(expression) only analyzes types and does not calculate expressions; 2. Deduce the variable name decltype(x) as a declaration type, while decltype((x)) is deduced as x due to lvalue expression; 3. It is often used in templates to deduce the return value through tail-set return type auto-> decltype(t u); 4. Complex type declarations can be simplified in combination with auto, such as decltype(vec.begin())it=vec.begin(); 5. Avoid hard-coded classes in templates

C folderexpressions is a feature introduced by C 17 to simplify recursive operations in variadic parameter templates. 1. Left fold (args...) sum from left to right, such as sum(1,2,3,4,5) returns 15; 2. Logical and (args&&...) determine whether all parameters are true, and empty packets return true; 3. Use (std::cout

ABinarySearchTree(BST)isabinarytreewheretheleftsubtreecontainsonlynodeswithvalueslessthanthenode’svalue,therightsubtreecontainsonlynodeswithvaluesgreaterthanthenode’svalue,andbothsubtreesmustalsobeBSTs;1.TheC implementationincludesaTreeNodestructure

References are alias for variables, which must be initialized at declaration and cannot be rebinded. 1. References share the same memory address through alias. Modifying any name will affect the original value; 2. References can be used to achieve bidirectional transmission and avoid copy overhead; 3. References cannot be empty and have the grammar, and do not have the ability to repoint compared to pointers; 4. ConstT& can be used to safely pass parameters, prevent modification and support binding of temporary objects; 5. References of local variables should not be returned to avoid dangling reference errors. Mastering citations is the key foundation for understanding modern C.

First, let’s clarify the answer: This article introduces the use of fstream in C, including basic file read and write operations and advanced bidirectional read and write functions. 1. Use std::fstream to define the file flow object, and open the file in a specified mode (such as std::ios::out, std::ios::in); use it when writing

TodebugaC applicationusingGDBinVisualStudioCode,configurethelaunch.jsonfilecorrectly;keysettingsincludespecifyingtheexecutablepathwith"program",setting"MIMode"to"gdb"and"type"to"cppdbg",using"ex

The system endianness can be detected by a variety of methods, the most commonly used is the union or pointer method. 1. Use a union: Assign uint32_t to 0x01020304, if the lowest address byte is 0x04, it is a small endian, and if it is 0x01, it is a big endian; 2. Use pointer conversion: Assign uint16_t to 0x0102, read the byte order through the uint8_t pointer, [0]==0x02 and [1]==0x01 is a small endian, otherwise it is a big endian; 3. Compilation-time detection: define the constexpr function to determine whether the (char)&int variable is 1, and combine ifconstexpr to determine the endian order during the compilation period; 4. Runtime macro encapsulation: use (char*)&amp