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How to work with Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) in Java?

Protobuf has clear development steps in Java and is easy to operate. 1. Install the protoc compiler and configure environment variables; 2. Write a .proto file to define the data structure, pay attention to the unique field number; 3. Use protoc to generate Java classes or integrated construction tools to automatically compile; 4. Build objects through builders in Java code and implement serialization and deserialization; 5. Pay attention to field update compatibility, avoid frequent modification of proto files, and recommend using builder to construct objects, and Protobuf supports multilingual communication. After mastering these key points, you can use Protobuf efficiently.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:53 AM

How to handle Exceptions in Java applications?

To handle exceptions in Java applications, you need to clearly identify the timing of capture and throwing, and organize the code reasonably. 1. Use try-catch but not abuse it. It is only caught when exceptions can be handled, otherwise it should be thrown; 2. Multi-catch can be used for unified processing of multiple exceptions, simplifying the code but paying attention to differentiated processing of different exceptions; 3. Custom exceptions improve readability, and inheriting Exception or RuntimeException depends on business needs; 4. Finally used for resource cleaning, but priority is given to using try-with-resources to automatically manage resources. Mastering these key points can make exception handling clearer and more robust code.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:53 AM

java Exception handling

How to check Java version command line?

To check the Java version, 1. Use java-version to view the runtime version; 2. Use javac-version to confirm the JDK installation and version; 3. Find the installation path through whichjava or for%iin(java.exe)do@echo.%~$PATH:i; 4. When multiple versions coexist, you can change the version by modifying JAVA_HOME or using SDKMAN! or Jabba.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:49 AM

Command Line java version

What are best practices for exception handling?

Best practices for handling exceptions include three points: First, avoid program crashes or masking problems; second, use specific exception types instead of general capture Exceptions; and finally, make sure resources are cleaned up correctly. Only exception types that clearly know how to handle, such as FileNotFoundError or json.JSONDecodeError, should be caught, and let the exception bubble for troubleshooting when uncertain. Add context information to the exception, record the operation data or status through logging, and use raise...fromexc to preserve the original context if necessary. Cleaning resources is preferred to use with statements or finally blocks to avoid resource leakage or secondary errors due to exceptions. Think clearly about the reasons for capturing, how to deal with it and follow-up

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:39 AM

Java reflection tutorial

The Java reflection mechanism allows dynamic operation of class members at runtime, obtain class information through Class objects, call methods and access fields, and is suitable for framework development and other scenarios. Use reflection to get the Class object first. Common methods include class name, object and fully qualified name loading. Class.forName() is the most commonly used and supports class loading control. Then you can create objects and call methods dynamically, pay attention to parameter matching, private methods need to set setAccessible(true), and static method calls to pass null; field operations also need to obtain Field objects and set access permissions; reflection performance is low, and it is recommended to be used for initialization or cache use in high-frequency scenarios, which is commonly found in Spring and Hibernate.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:34 AM

How to implement a Trie data structure in Java?

The core of implementing the Trie tree is to design the node structure and correctly handle the insertion and search logic. 1. The TrieNode class contains a character array or hash table to indicate whether the child nodes and markers are endings; 2. The insertion operation constructs the path character-by-character path and marks the end of the word at the end; 3. The search operation is divided into two situations: complete word matching and prefix matching; 4. The edge cases and improvement directions need to be considered, such as empty strings, case sensitivity, memory optimization, etc.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:16 AM

java Trie

How to implement a thread-safe singleton pattern in Java?

There are three main ways to implement thread-safe singleton mode: First, use double check lock and volatile keywords, enter the synchronization block after the first check that the instance is empty, and confirm again whether it is empty, ensuring that only one instance is created; second, use static inner class (BillPugh implementation) to ensure thread safety during class loading through JVM, delay loading and no explicit synchronization is required; third, use enumeration to implement singleton, which is naturally thread-safe and can prevent reflection and serialization attacks, but may not be suitable for complex initialization or inheritance. In addition, the simple lazy style affects performance because each call needs to be synchronized, and is not recommended to use in a multi-threaded environment. Choose different implementation methods according to your needs to take into account security, performance and simplicity

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:12 AM

How to implement the Chain of Responsibility pattern in Java?

How to implement the responsibility chain pattern in Java? 1. Define an abstract class or interface for processing requests, including processing methods and methods for setting up the next processor. 2. Create a specific processor class to implement request processing logic. If the current processor cannot process it, it will be passed to the next one. 3. Build a processor chain and form a chain by setting up the next processor of each processor. 4. The client initiates a request and starts processing from the first node of the chain until the processor processes or the chain ends. For example, TeamLead, ProjectManager, and Director process purchase requests of different amounts in turn, and determine whether to process or forward the requests based on the amount.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:02 AM

Tree traversal (in-order, pre-order, post-order) in Java

A tree traversal refers to accessing each node in the tree once and only once in a specific order. 1. First access the root node and then traverse the left and right subtrees; 2. First access the left subtree, then access the root node and then traverse the right subtree; 3. First access the left and right subtrees; 3. First access the left and right subtrees; In Java, it can be implemented through recursion or stack, where the recursion method is logically clear, rather than recursive implementation, you need to use the stack to simulate the call process to avoid stack overflow. In terms of application scenarios, predecessor is used to copy or serialize trees, middle order is suitable for ordered output of binary search trees, and subsequent order is used to delete trees or expression evaluation.

Jul 13, 2025 am 01:02 AM

java Tree traversal

What are marker interfaces in Java?

The Marker interface is an interface in Java without methods or constants. Its function is to mark a class with certain characteristics or behavior. They are used as tags for JVM or other code to check at runtime, such as Serializable means that the object of the class is serializable, Cloneable means that the clone() method can be safely called, and Remote is used for RMI remote access. Reasons for using the Marker interface include runtime checking, framework integration and design clarity, such as determining whether it is serializable through instanceof. The custom Marker interface is suitable for scenarios where marking classes require special processing, separation of concerns, or automated inspections of large systems. Although Java5 post-annotations provide a more flexible alternative

Jul 13, 2025 am 12:08 AM

java

How to fix java.io.NotSerializableException?

The core workaround for encountering java.io.NotSerializableException is to ensure that all classes that need to be serialized implement the Serializable interface and check the serialization support of nested objects. 1. Add implementsSerializable to the main class; 2. Ensure that the corresponding classes of custom fields in the class also implement Serializable; 3. Use transient to mark fields that do not need to be serialized; 4. Check the non-serialized types in collections or nested objects; 5. Check which class does not implement the interface; 6. Consider replacement design for classes that cannot be modified, such as saving key data or using serializable intermediate structures; 7. Consider modifying

Jul 12, 2025 am 03:07 AM

java

Java method references explained

Method reference is a way to simplify the writing of Lambda expressions in Java, making the code more concise. It is not a new syntax, but a shortcut to Lambda expressions introduced by Java 8, suitable for the context of functional interfaces. The core is to use existing methods directly as implementations of functional interfaces. For example, System.out::println is equivalent to s->System.out.println(s). There are four main forms of method reference: 1. Static method reference (ClassName::staticMethodName); 2. Instance method reference (binding to a specific object, instance::methodName); 3.

Jul 12, 2025 am 02:59 AM

java Method reference

What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java?

Choosing ArrayList or LinkedList in Java depends on the usage scenario. 1. When accessing elements frequently through indexes, ArrayList should be selected, because it is based on dynamic array implementation and supports fast random access of O(1) time complexity; 2. When performing intermediate insertion or deletion operations frequently, LinkedList should be selected, because it is based on a bidirectional linked list implementation and supports O(1) time complexity operations (if there are already node references); 3. In terms of memory, ArrayList is more compact, while LinkedList causes higher memory overhead due to storing additional pointers; 4. The iterative performance of the two is similar, but ArrayList is more suitable for repeated get(i) traversal methods. Therefore, the root

Jul 12, 2025 am 02:58 AM

How to implement an LRU Cache in Java?

To implement LRU caching, the most common method in Java is to use LinkedHashMap or manually combine hash tables with bidirectional linked lists. 1. When using LinkedHashMap, pass true into the constructor to enable the access order, and override the removeEldestEntry method to control capacity; 2. Manual implementation requires defining the bidirectional linked list node class to maintain the access order, operations include adding, deleting and moving nodes; 3. If thread safety is required, synchronous blocks or concurrent sets can be used, but pay attention to performance impact. These methods can be selected according to needs, taking into account efficiency and control.

Jul 12, 2025 am 02:57 AM