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Golang

Go Singleflight? DB? ?? ???? ?????.

Linda Hamilton

Nov 05, 2024 pm 12:27 PM

?? ??? VictoriaMetrics ???? ???? ????: https://victoriametrics.com/blog/go-singleflight/

? ???? Go? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.

???.Mutex: ?? ? ?? ??
???.WaitGroup ? ?? ??
Sync.Pool? ? ?? ?? ????
?? ???? ??? ????, go sync.Cond
Go sync.Map: ??? ??? ?? ??? ??
Go Sync.Once? ?????... ?? ?????
Go Singleflight? DB? ?? ??? ?? ????(?? ??)

Go Singleflight Melts in Your Code, Not in Your?DB — Go Singleflight? DB? ?? ??? ?? ????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????. . ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ???????.

?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ????.

? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????.

?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ????

?? ??

Go? Singleflight ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? Go ??? ?? ???? ?????.

singleflight? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??("?"?? ?)? ?? ? ? ?? "?? ?"(?? ??) ??? ?????.

??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???(??? ?)? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.

?, ???? ?? ??, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????.

var callCount atomic.Int32
var wg sync.WaitGroup

// Simulate a function that fetches data from a database
func fetchData() (interface{}, error) {
    callCount.Add(1)
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
    return rand.Intn(100), nil
}

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    time.Sleep(time.Duration(id) * 40 * time.Millisecond)
    v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, v, shared)
    return nil
}

func main() {
    var g singleflight.Group

    // 5 goroutines to fetch the same data
    const numGoroutines = 5
    wg.Add(numGoroutines)

    for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
        go fetchDataWrapper(&g, i)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Printf("Function was called %d times\n", callCount.Load())
}

// Output:
// Goroutine 0: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 2: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 1: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 3: result: 13, shared: true
// Goroutine 4: result: 13, shared: true
// Function was called 2 times

?? ??:

??? 5?? ???? 60ms ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.

singleflight.Group? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? fetchData()? ???? ???? ??? ?????.

v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData) ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?("key-fetch-data")? ?????. ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ???? 5? ???? fetchData? ? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?????.

?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.

"?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ???? true???? ?? ?? ??? ?? == true? ??? ??????"

?, ?? ?? ???? == true? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ????.

??? ?? g.Do? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ????? "? ??? ? ? ??? ???? ??????."?? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????.

"??? ??? ? ??????? ??????"

?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????.

?? ??(?: Redis ?? Memcached)? ???? ???? Singleflight? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

?? Singleflight? ?? ?? ??("?? ????"??? ?)???? ???? ? ??? ???.

????? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?? 10,000?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 10,000?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ????.

? ?? ?? ?? Singleflight? 10,000?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ? ????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????.

?? ??? ?? CPU? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ? ????.

? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ?? ??

singleflight? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.

?? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ????.

group.Do(key, func): ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. Do? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.
group.DoChan(key, func): group.Do? ????? ???? ?? ??(<-chan ??)? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ???? g.Do()? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??? g.DoChan()? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

var callCount atomic.Int32
var wg sync.WaitGroup

// Simulate a function that fetches data from a database
func fetchData() (interface{}, error) {
    callCount.Add(1)
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
    return rand.Intn(100), nil
}

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    time.Sleep(time.Duration(id) * 40 * time.Millisecond)
    v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, v, shared)
    return nil
}

func main() {
    var g singleflight.Group

    // 5 goroutines to fetch the same data
    const numGoroutines = 5
    wg.Add(numGoroutines)

    for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
        go fetchDataWrapper(&g, i)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Printf("Function was called %d times\n", callCount.Load())
}

// Output:
// Goroutine 0: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 2: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 1: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 3: result: 13, shared: true
// Goroutine 4: result: 13, shared: true
// Function was called 2 times

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight using DoChan
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    ch := g.DoChan("key-fetch-data", fetchData)

    res := <-ch
    if res.Err != nil {
        return res.Err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, res.Val, res.Shared)
    return nil
}

??? ??? DoChan()? ???? ?? Do()? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??(<-ch)?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????.

DoChan()? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ????.

package singleflight

type Result struct {
    Val    interface{}
    Err    error
    Shared bool
}

? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????.

? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ????. ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.
???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

?, Singleflight? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? group.Forget(key) ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

Forget() ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ?? "???"?? ?? ????? ?? ?? g.Do()? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

Forget()? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ????? ???????.

var callCount atomic.Int32
var wg sync.WaitGroup

// Simulate a function that fetches data from a database
func fetchData() (interface{}, error) {
    callCount.Add(1)
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
    return rand.Intn(100), nil
}

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    time.Sleep(time.Duration(id) * 40 * time.Millisecond)
    v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, v, shared)
    return nil
}

func main() {
    var g singleflight.Group

    // 5 goroutines to fetch the same data
    const numGoroutines = 5
    wg.Add(numGoroutines)

    for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
        go fetchDataWrapper(&g, i)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Printf("Function was called %d times\n", callCount.Load())
}

// Output:
// Goroutine 0: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 2: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 1: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 3: result: 13, shared: true
// Goroutine 4: result: 13, shared: true
// Function was called 2 times

Goroutine 0? Goroutine 1? ?? ??? ?("key-fetch-data")? ???? Do()? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? goroutine ?? ?????.

??? Goroutine 2? Do()? ???? ?? Forget()? ?????. ??? ?? "key-fetch-data"? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

?????, ?? ????(singleflight)? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????.

? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? select ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ? ????.
? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

?? ?? ?? ??

singleflight? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ???, Singleflight? ?? ??? ? 150?? ??? ?????.

????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? Do()? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight using DoChan
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    ch := g.DoChan("key-fetch-data", fetchData)

    res := <-ch
    if res.Err != nil {
        return res.Err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, res.Val, res.Shared)
    return nil
}

????? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ???(g.mu): ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????.
WaitGroup(g.call.wg): WaitGroup? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????.

????? group.Do() ???? ??? ?????. ?? ???? group.DoChan()? ??? ???? ???? ?????. group.Forget() ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????.

group.Do()? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?(g.mu)? ??? ????.

"??? ????? ??? ???"

?, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ? ????(?? ?? ?????? ?? ????). ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? "?? ??"? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????

??? shardedsingleflight ???? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??(g.m)? ?????. ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

?? ????(?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??) ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???(c.dups)? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? WaitGroup?? call.wg.Wait()? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

var callCount atomic.Int32
var wg sync.WaitGroup

// Simulate a function that fetches data from a database
func fetchData() (interface{}, error) {
    callCount.Add(1)
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
    return rand.Intn(100), nil
}

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    time.Sleep(time.Duration(id) * 40 * time.Millisecond)
    v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, v, shared)
    return nil
}

func main() {
    var g singleflight.Group

    // 5 goroutines to fetch the same data
    const numGoroutines = 5
    wg.Add(numGoroutines)

    for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
        go fetchDataWrapper(&g, i)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Printf("Function was called %d times\n", callCount.Load())
}

// Output:
// Goroutine 0: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 2: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 1: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 3: result: 13, shared: true
// Goroutine 4: result: 13, shared: true
// Function was called 2 times

?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? WaitGroup? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? g.doCall(c, key, fn)? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? wg.Wait() ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ????.

?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????.
??? errGoexit? ???? ??, Runtime.Goexit()? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ??? g.doCall()? ? ? ????? ?????.

"??, ???.Goexit()? ???"

??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, Runtime.Goexit()? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????.

???? Goexit()? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????(LIFO) ??? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ????.

??? ???? ????, Recover()? ?? ? ????.
Goexit()? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????.

??? ???? ??? ????(?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??). ?? ???(main() ??? ??)?? Runtime.Goexit()? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

var callCount atomic.Int32
var wg sync.WaitGroup

// Simulate a function that fetches data from a database
func fetchData() (interface{}, error) {
    callCount.Add(1)
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
    return rand.Intn(100), nil
}

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    time.Sleep(time.Duration(id) * 40 * time.Millisecond)
    v, err, shared := g.Do("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, v, shared)
    return nil
}

func main() {
    var g singleflight.Group

    // 5 goroutines to fetch the same data
    const numGoroutines = 5
    wg.Add(numGoroutines)

    for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
        go fetchDataWrapper(&g, i)
    }

    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Printf("Function was called %d times\n", callCount.Load())
}

// Output:
// Goroutine 0: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 2: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 1: result: 90, shared: true
// Goroutine 3: result: 13, shared: true
// Goroutine 4: result: 13, shared: true
// Function was called 2 times

Goexit()? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ? Go ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? "??? ??" ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

?? ??? ????, Runtime.Goexit()? ?? ???? ???? Recover()? ?? ??? ? ?? ??, ?????? ??? ??????

??? Runtime.Goexit()? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????.

// Wrap the fetchData function with singleflight using DoChan
func fetchDataWrapper(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    ch := g.DoChan("key-fetch-data", fetchData)

    res := <-ch
    if res.Err != nil {
        return res.Err
    }

    fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, res.Val, res.Shared)
    return nil
}

?? ??, running.Goexit()? ??? ? NormalReturn = true ?? ???? ????. ??? defer ???? NormalReturn? ??? false?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ????.

?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??()? ?????, Singleflight? ?? ??? ? ? ?????.

package singleflight

type Result struct {
    Val    interface{}
    Err    error
    Shared bool
}

recover ?? ??? Recover = true? ?? ???? ??, Recover() ?? ??? Recovered? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????.

???? ??? ? ???? ????

runtime.Goexit()? ???? ??()? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???panic()? ???? ?? ???? ??nic()? Recover() ??? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ?? = true? ??()? ???? defer ???? ???? ?????. ? ?? ???? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?, ???.Goexit()? ??? ?? ???? ????.

??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????????.

func fetchDataWrapperWithTimeout(g *singleflight.Group, id int) error {
    defer wg.Done()

    ch := g.DoChan("key-fetch-data", fetchData)
    select {
    case res := <-ch:
        if res.Err != nil {
            return res.Err
        }
        fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d: result: %v, shared: %v\n", id, res.Val, res.Shared)
    case <-time.After(50 * time.Millisecond):
        return fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for result")
    }

  return nil
}

?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? c.err? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. Singleflight? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??????.

?, ??? ???? ???(??? ??? ? ?? ???)?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.

?? ???? ? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? group.DoChan() ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ????. ?? ??? ? ?? ??(go ??(e))? ???? ??????? ?????.

?????, Runtime.Goexit()??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???.

?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.

?? ??

?????, ?? VictoriaMetrics? ????? ????? Phuong Le???. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. X(@func25)? DM? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???:

Go I/O ??, ?? ? ?? ?? ???.
Go ???? ?? ??? For-Range? ????
Slices in Go: ???? ??? ?????
Go Maps ??: ?-? ?? ??? ???? ??
Golang Defer: ???? ????
Vendoring ?? Go Mod Vendor:? ??????

??? ????

???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? VictoriaMetrics? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.

??? Go? Go ???? ?? ??, ??, ?? ??? ???? Gophers???.

? ??? Go Singleflight? DB? ?? ???? ?????.? ?? ?????. ??? ??? PHP ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????!

? ????? ??

? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ????. ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? admin@php.cn?? ?????.

? AI ??

Video Face Swap

??? ??? AI ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????!

???

?? ??

??? : ??? ???? ?? ??/?? ?? ??/??

4 ? ? ? By DDD

??? ? ?? ??? | ?? ?? ?? ?? (Derby Musume)

2 ? ? ? By Jack chen

Agnes Tachyon ?? ??? | ?? ?? ?? ?? (Derby Musume)

2 ? ? ? By Jack chen

Dune : ?? - ?? ?? ?? ??? ??

4 ? ? ? By Jack chen

?? ??? : Dirk and Harper ?? ???

4 ? ? ? By Jack chen

???

??? ??

??? ??

Gmail ???? ??? ??? ??? ????

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PHP ????

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Go Language?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????. 1.Strings.contains ()? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ?????. 2.strings.index ()? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? -1? ?????. 3.strings.replaceall ()? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ??? Strings.replace ()? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ????. 4.Len () ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

IO ???? ???? GO?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? Jun 20, 2025 am 11:25 AM

TheGoiopackageprovidesinterfaceslikeReaderandWritertohandleI/Ooperationsuniformlyacrosssources.1.io.Reader'sReadmethodenablesreadingfromvarioussourcessuchasfilesorHTTPresponses.2.io.Writer'sWritemethodfacilitateswritingtodestinationslikestandardoutpu

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