?? Python ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ? ????? Python ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? 7?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

?????: ?? ?? ??

?????? Python ???????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ????. ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????.

import time

def timing_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start_time = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end_time = time.time()
        print(f"{func.__name__} took {end_time - start_time:.2f} seconds to execute.")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timing_decorator
def slow_function():
    time.sleep(2)
    print("Function executed.")

slow_function()

? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

?????: ??? ?? ??? ??

?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ?? "??? ?? ???"? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

class InstanceCounterMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['instance_count'] = 0
        attrs['get_instance_count'] = classmethod(lambda cls: cls.instance_count)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        cls.instance_count += 1
        return instance

class MyClass(metaclass=InstanceCounterMeta):
    pass

obj1 = MyClass()
obj2 = MyClass()
print(MyClass.get_instance_count())  # Output: 2

? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? instance_count ??? get_instance_count() ???? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????.

???: ?? ??? ??

???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? Python? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.

class TypeCheckedAttribute:
    def __init__(self, name, expected_type):
        self.name = name
        self.expected_type = expected_type

    def __get__(self, obj, owner):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        return obj.__dict__.get(self.name, None)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError(f"{self.name} must be a {self.expected_type}")
        obj.__dict__[self.name] = value

class Person:
    name = TypeCheckedAttribute("name", str)
    age = TypeCheckedAttribute("age", int)

person = Person()
person.name = "Alice"  # OK
person.age = 30  # OK
person.age = "Thirty"  # Raises TypeError

? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

Eval() ? Exec(): ??? ?? ??

eval() ? exec() ??? ???? ??? ? ????? Python ??? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ? ????.

??? eval()? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.

def calculator(expression):
    allowed_characters = set("0123456789+-*/() ")
    if set(expression) - allowed_characters:
        raise ValueError("Invalid characters in expression")
    return eval(expression)

print(calculator("2 + 2"))  # Output: 4
print(calculator("10 * (5 + 3)"))  # Output: 80

? ??? ??? eval()? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ??: ??? ??

inspect ??? Python?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? API ??? ???? ? ??? ????.

??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.

import time

def timing_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start_time = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        end_time = time.time()
        print(f"{func.__name__} took {end_time - start_time:.2f} seconds to execute.")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timing_decorator
def slow_function():
    time.sleep(2)
    print("Function executed.")

slow_function()

? function_info() ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????, ???? ??? ???? Greeting() ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

?? ?? ??(AST): ?? ?? ? ??

ast ??? ???? Python? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ???? ?????. ?? AST? ???? Python ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????.

??? AST? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.

class InstanceCounterMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['instance_count'] = 0
        attrs['get_instance_count'] = classmethod(lambda cls: cls.instance_count)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        cls.instance_count += 1
        return instance

class MyClass(metaclass=InstanceCounterMeta):
    pass

obj1 = MyClass()
obj2 = MyClass()
print(MyClass.get_instance_count())  # Output: 2

? ???? AST?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ???: Getattr() ? Setattr()

getattr() ? setattr() ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ????. ?? ??? API? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ????.

??? getattr() ? setattr()? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.

class TypeCheckedAttribute:
    def __init__(self, name, expected_type):
        self.name = name
        self.expected_type = expected_type

    def __get__(self, obj, owner):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        return obj.__dict__.get(self.name, None)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError(f"{self.name} must be a {self.expected_type}")
        obj.__dict__[self.name] = value

class Person:
    name = TypeCheckedAttribute("name", str)
    age = TypeCheckedAttribute("age", int)

person = Person()
person.name = "Alice"  # OK
person.age = 30  # OK
person.age = "Thirty"  # Raises TypeError

? ???? ???? setattr()? ???? ????? PluginSystem ????? ???? ???? ????, getattr()? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????.

? 7?? ??????? ??? Python ?? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.

?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ? ??? ?????.

???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???????. eval() ? exec() ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ??? ?? API? ??? ? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? Python??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????.

?????, getattr() ? setattr()? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????.

??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? Python ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??? Python? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????.

????? Python? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ? 7?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? Python ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????.

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