?? ???? ??? ?? Python ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 6?? ?? Python ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????.

??? ???? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????.

class Singleton:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

    def __init__(self):
        self.data = {}

    def set_data(self, key, value):
        self.data[key] = value

    def get_data(self, key):
        return self.data.get(key)

? ??? __new__ ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???. ?? ??? ????.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"

class AnimalFactory:
    def create_animal(self, animal_type):
        if animal_type == "dog":
            return Dog()
        elif animal_type == "cat":
            return Cat()
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unknown animal type")

? ???? AnimalFactory ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????.

class Subject:
    def __init__(self):
        self._observers = []
        self._state = None

    def attach(self, observer):
        self._observers.append(observer)

    def detach(self, observer):
        self._observers.remove(observer)

    def notify(self):
        for observer in self._observers:
            observer.update(self._state)

    def set_state(self, state):
        self._state = state
        self.notify()

class Observer:
    def update(self, state):
        pass

class ConcreteObserver(Observer):
    def update(self, state):
        print(f"State updated to: {state}")

? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ????. ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ????.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class SortStrategy(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sort(self, data):
        pass

class BubbleSort(SortStrategy):
    def sort(self, data):
        n = len(data)
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
                if data[j] > data[j + 1]:
                    data[j], data[j + 1] = data[j + 1], data[j]
        return data

class QuickSort(SortStrategy):
    def sort(self, data):
        if len(data) <= 1:
            return data
        pivot = data[len(data) // 2]
        left = [x for x in data if x < pivot]
        middle = [x for x in data if x == pivot]
        right = [x for x in data if x > pivot]
        return self.sort(left) + middle + self.sort(right)

class Sorter:
    def __init__(self, strategy):
        self.strategy = strategy

    def sort(self, data):
        return self.strategy.sort(data)

? ???? Sorter ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ????. ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ? ????.

????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ????.

class Singleton:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

    def __init__(self):
        self.data = {}

    def set_data(self, key, value):
        self.data[key] = value

    def get_data(self, key):
        return self.data.get(key)

? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ?? ?????.

????? Adapter ??? ???????. ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ????.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"

class AnimalFactory:
    def create_animal(self, animal_type):
        if animal_type == "dog":
            return Dog()
        elif animal_type == "cat":
            return Cat()
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unknown animal type")

? ??? PrinterAdapter? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?????.

? 6?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? Python ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??, ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????.

? ??? ??? ?? ???? Python ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ? Python ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

?? ??, Python? ??? functools.singledispatch ?????? ???? ?? Python?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????. ????? Python? ???? ???(with ?)? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????.

??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????. "???? ?? ???? ??? ??"? Python? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????.

????? ? 6?? Python ??? ??(Singleton, Factory Method, Observer, Strategy, Decorator, Adapter)? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? Python ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?????!

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