在控制器中定義方法（也稱為動(dòng)作）是告訴應(yīng)用程序當(dāng)有人訪問特定URL時(shí)該做什麼。這些方法通常處理請(qǐng)求、處理數(shù)據(jù)並返迴響應(yīng)，如HTML頁面或JSON。理解基本結(jié)構(gòu)：大多數(shù)Web框架（如Ruby on Rails、Laravel或Spring MVC）使用控制器對(duì)相關(guān)操作進(jìn)行分組。每個(gè)控制器內(nèi)的方法通常對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)路由，即某人可以訪問的URL路徑。例如，在PostsController中可能有以下方法：1. index() – 顯示帖子列表；2. show() – 顯示單個(gè)帖子；3. create() – 處理創(chuàng)建新帖子；4. update() – 更新現(xiàn)有帖子；5. delete() – 刪除帖子。這些是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的CRUD操作，但你可以定義所需的任何操作。命名和路由約定因框架而異，但存在常見模式：1. Ruby on Rails：在控制器類中定義公共方法，通過config/routes.rb映射路由；2. Laravel (PHP)：控制器方法是公共函數(shù)，通過web.php或API路由鏈接；3. Spring Boot (Java)：方法用@RequestMapping或特定HTTP註解如@GetMapping標(biāo)註。方法內(nèi)部通常執(zhí)行以下步驟：獲取請(qǐng)求輸入（如參數(shù)或表單數(shù)據(jù)），與模型或服務(wù)通信以獲取或修改數(shù)據(jù)，返迴響應(yīng)（如渲染視圖、發(fā)送JSON或重定向）。需要注意幾點(diǎn)：確保方法為public，使用一致的命名以便維護(hù)，始終在使用前清理和驗(yàn)證來自用戶的輸入，避免在GET請(qǐng)求中產(chǎn)生副作用。

在a controller, defining methods (also called actions) is how you tell your app what to do when someone visits a specific URL. These methods usually handle requests, process data, and return responses like HTML pages or JSON.

Understand the Basic Structure

Most web frameworks (like Ruby on Rails, Laravel, or Spring MVC) use controllers to group related actions. Each method inside a controller typically corresponds to a route — that is, a URL path someone can visit.

For example, in a PostsController , you might have methods like:

• index() – shows a list of posts
• show() – displays one post
• create() – handles creating a new post
• update() – updates an existing post
• delete() – deletes a post

These are standard CRUD operations, but you can define any action you need.

Naming and Routing Conventions

How you name and connect your methods depends on the framework, but there are common patterns:

• Ruby on Rails :
  You define public methods in your controller class. Routes are usually mapped via config/routes.rb . For example:

   class PostsController < ApplicationController
    def index
      @posts = Post.all
    end
  
    def show
      @post = Post.find(params[:id])
    end
  end

• Laravel (PHP) :
  Controller methods are public functions. You link them using routes in web.php or API routes.

   class PostController extends Controller {
      public function index() {
          return Post::all();
      }
  
      public function show($id) {
          return Post::find($id);
      }
  }

• Spring Boot (Java) :
  Methods are annotated with @RequestMapping or HTTP-specific annotations like @GetMapping .

   @RestController
  public class PostController {
  
      @GetMapping("/posts")
      public List<Post> index() {
          return postRepository.findAll();
      }
  
      @GetMapping("/posts/{id}")
      public Post show(@PathVariable Long id) {
          return postRepository.findById(id);
      }
  }

The main idea is: each method responds to a specific request and returns something — often HTML, JSON, or a redirect.

What Goes Inside a Method?

A controller method usually does a few things:

• Gets input from the request (like parameters or form data)
• Talks to a model or service to fetch or modify data
• Returns a response — like rendering a view, sending JSON, or redirecting

Here's a simplified flow:

• User goes to /posts/5
• The router directs this to PostsController#show
• The method grabs 5 from the URL
• It fetches the post with ID 5 from the database
• Then it renders the post in HTML or returns it as JSON

Don't put too much logic directly in the controller — keep it clean by offloading work to models or services.

A Few Things to Watch Out For

• Make sure your methods are public — private or protected ones won't be reachable via routes.
• Use consistent naming for easier maintenance.
• Always sanitize and validate input before using it — especially if it comes from users.
• Be careful with side effects — like modifying data in GET requests. That's usually a bad idea.

基本上就這些。

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