非原始數據類型不是編程語言內置的，而是由程序員或庫創(chuàng)建的複雜結構。 1. 數組用於存儲多個相同類型的值，通過索引訪問且大小固定或可動態(tài)調整；2. 類和對象允許構建自定義結構，用類作為藍圖創(chuàng)建具有屬性和方法的對象；3. 字符串是字符序列，在某些語言中為非原始類型並支持方法調用；4. 集合等高級類型如列表、映射、集合提供更複雜的數據操作功能。

Non-primitive data types aren't built directly into a programming language like numbers or characters are. Instead, they're more complex structures that let you store and work with groups of data in meaningful ways. These types are usually created by the programmer or provided by libraries, and they can vary from one programming language to another.

Arrays: Storing Multiple Values

Arrays are a basic example of a non-primitive data type. They allow you to store multiple items of the same type in a single variable. For instance, instead of having separate variables for each student's name, you could use an array to hold all of them together.

• You access elements in the array using an index.
• Arrays have a fixed size in many languages, but some offer dynamic resizing.
• They're useful when you want to loop through a list of similar items.

In Java, you might declare an array like this: String[] students = new String[5]; . In JavaScript, it's even simpler: let students = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']; .

Classes and Objects: Building Custom Structures

Objects are another core non-primitive type, especially in object-oriented languages. A class is like a blueprint, and an object is the actual structure built from that blueprint. This lets you model real-world entities with both data (properties) and behavior (methods).

For example, you could create a Car class with properties like color , make , and model , and methods like start() and stop() . Once defined, you can create multiple car objects based on that class, each with its own values.

This approach helps organize code and makes it easier to manage larger programs by grouping related data and functions together.

Strings: Sequences of Characters

While strings might seem basic, they're actually non-primitive in many languages — especially ones like Java. Unlike primitive characters (which are just single letters), strings are sequences of characters grouped together.

What makes them special:

• You can call methods on them, like .toUpperCase() or .substring() .
• They behave like primitives in some languages due to special support, but under the hood, they're objects.
• Some languages treat strings as immutable, meaning every change creates a new string.

It's worth noting that not all languages handle strings the same way — in Python, strings are objects, while in C, they're just arrays of characters.

Collections and Other Advanced Types

Beyond the basics, most modern languages provide more advanced non-primitive types through their standard libraries or frameworks. These include things like lists, maps (or dictionaries), sets, and even custom data structures like trees or graphs.

These types often come with built-in functionality:

• Lists offer dynamic sizing and easy insertion/removal.
• Maps let you associate keys with values, like storing user IDs with usernames.
• Sets help track unique items without duplicates.

Depending on your language, these may be part of the core language or require importing specific modules or packages.

基本上就這些。

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