国产av日韩一区二区三区精品,成人性爱视频在线观看,国产,欧美,日韩,一区,www.成色av久久成人,2222eeee成人天堂

Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Django time range query: Why does the __range parameter not contain an end date?

Django time range query: Why does the __range parameter not contain an end date?

Apr 01, 2025 pm 04:06 PM
Why

Django time range query: Why does the __range parameter not contain an end date?

A common question in Django time range query: Why does the __range parameter sometimes exclude end dates? This article will conduct in-depth analysis and provide solutions.

When using Django for database queries, filtering data based on time range is a common operation. However, many developers encounter a situation where the query result unexpectedly excludes the specified end date ( end_date ) when using the __range parameter. This is not a Django bug, but a feature defined by the time range in database queries.

Problem description

The developer uses the following code to query:

 result = amazonhistoryprice.objects.filter(identification=identification, created_at__range=[start_date, end_date]).order_by('created_at').all()

The database table structure is as follows:

 create table "amazon_app_amazonhistoryprice" ("id" integer not null primary key autoincrement, "month" integer not null, "day" integer not null, "identification" text not null, "price" integer not null, "year" integer not null, "created_at" datetime null);

The expected result is to obtain the data between start_date and end_date , but the actual result ignores the data corresponding to end_date .

Cause analysis

Django's __range parameter follows the principle of "left and right", that is, it includes the start date and end date. Therefore, to include end_date , no code modification is required. The problem lies in the deviation in understanding the principle of "left and right".

Solution

If your goal is to include start_date and end_date , then __range has already met the requirements and no modification is required. If the created_at field in your database is high enough precision and your expectation is to include start_date but exclude end_date , then __range has met your needs.

If your expectation is to include all data before start_date and end_date , then there is no need to modify end_date . __range itself contains the end date.

More precise control

For more precise control of the time range, it is recommended to use __gte (greater than or equal to) and __lt (less than) operators:

 result = AmazonHistoryPrice.objects.filter(identification=identification, created_at__gte=start_date, created_at__lt=end_date).order_by('created_at').all()

This method implements an interval query of "left-closed and opens right", which explicitly includes start_date , but does not include end_date . This provides clearer query logic and avoids potential errors of artificial adjustments to end_date .

Which method to choose depends on your specific needs and definition of the time frame. Understanding the characteristics of time ranges in database queries, as well as the various operators provided by Django ORM, is critical to writing efficient and accurate database queries.

The above is the detailed content of Django time range query: Why does the __range parameter not contain an end date?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics

PHP Tutorial
1502
276
How to withdraw coins on the ok exchange? Detailed tutorial on withdrawing coins on ok exchange How to withdraw coins on the ok exchange? Detailed tutorial on withdrawing coins on ok exchange Jul 03, 2025 pm 02:03 PM

?In today's increasingly popular digital asset trading, it is particularly important to understand how to safely and effectively withdraw your digital assets. As a world-renowned digital asset trading platform, ok exchange provides convenient currency withdrawal services. This tutorial will analyze in detail the steps of withdrawing coins on the ok exchange, things to note, and some common questions and answers to help users complete asset transfer smoothly and ensure asset security. Whether you are using ok exchange for withdrawals for the first time or want to further understand the withdrawal process, this article will provide you with clear and practical guidance.

The popularity of the currency circle has returned, why do smart people have begun to quietly increase their positions? Look at the trend from the on-chain data and grasp the next round of wealth password! The popularity of the currency circle has returned, why do smart people have begun to quietly increase their positions? Look at the trend from the on-chain data and grasp the next round of wealth password! Jul 09, 2025 pm 08:30 PM

As the market conditions pick up, more and more smart investors have begun to quietly increase their positions in the currency circle. Many people are wondering what makes them take decisively when most people wait and see? This article will analyze current trends through on-chain data to help readers understand the logic of smart funds, so as to better grasp the next round of potential wealth growth opportunities.

How to use PHP to combine AI to generate image. PHP automatically generates art works How to use PHP to combine AI to generate image. PHP automatically generates art works Jul 25, 2025 pm 07:21 PM

PHP does not directly perform AI image processing, but integrates through APIs, because it is good at web development rather than computing-intensive tasks. API integration can achieve professional division of labor, reduce costs, and improve efficiency; 2. Integrating key technologies include using Guzzle or cURL to send HTTP requests, JSON data encoding and decoding, API key security authentication, asynchronous queue processing time-consuming tasks, robust error handling and retry mechanism, image storage and display; 3. Common challenges include API cost out of control, uncontrollable generation results, poor user experience, security risks and difficult data management. The response strategies are setting user quotas and caches, providing propt guidance and multi-picture selection, asynchronous notifications and progress prompts, key environment variable storage and content audit, and cloud storage.

Kane Brown's first romantic comedy movie: From the country stage to the screen! Kane Brown's first romantic comedy movie: From the country stage to the screen! Jul 04, 2025 pm 08:48 PM

Country music icon Kane Brown is about to make his film debut in the romantic comedy The Token Groomsman, joining forces with Taylor Lautner for a great show. Get ready for a screen feast with laughter and tears! From a country singer to a new face on the screen, Kane Brown opens a new chapter! Dear fans, hurry up and calm your cowboy hats! The popular country music superstar Kane Brown will leave the stage temporarily and instead enter the big screen. He will debut as the feature-length feature film in the upcoming romantic comedy "The Best Guy" - not a guest appearance, but a bold attempt to devote himself to the actor's identity! From Nashville, destination

PHP integrated AI intelligent picture recognition PHP visual content automatic labeling PHP integrated AI intelligent picture recognition PHP visual content automatic labeling Jul 25, 2025 pm 05:42 PM

The core idea of integrating AI visual understanding capabilities into PHP applications is to use the third-party AI visual service API, which is responsible for uploading images, sending requests, receiving and parsing JSON results, and storing tags into the database; 2. Automatic image tagging can significantly improve efficiency, enhance content searchability, optimize management and recommendation, and change visual content from "dead data" to "live data"; 3. Selecting AI services requires comprehensive judgments based on functional matching, accuracy, cost, ease of use, regional delay and data compliance, and it is recommended to start from general services such as Google CloudVision; 4. Common challenges include network timeout, key security, error processing, image format limitation, cost control, asynchronous processing requirements and AI recognition accuracy issues.

What is a stablecoin? Why are the hot searches on Douyin discussed? What is a stablecoin? Why are the hot searches on Douyin discussed? Jul 09, 2025 am 06:03 AM

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that are pegged to assets such as the US dollar and aim to maintain stable value. They are mainly divided into three types: fiat currency collateral, cryptocurrency collateral and algorithms. 1. Fiat currency collateral types such as USDT and USCD are supported by US dollar reserves; 2. Cryptocurrency collateral types such as DAI need to over-collateralize other currencies; 3. Algorithm relies on smart contracts to adjust supply but have high risks. The reasons why it is hotly discussed on platforms such as Douyin include: as a hedging tool when the crypto market falls, a bridge for novices to enter the crypto world, a way to obtain high-yield financial management in DeFi, and the application of low-cost cross-border payments. To obtain stablecoins, you can trade through mainstream exchanges such as Binance, Ouyi, and Huobi.

What is a DAO organization? Guide to Decentralized Autonomous Community What is a DAO organization? Guide to Decentralized Autonomous Community Jul 15, 2025 pm 07:45 PM

DAO is a decentralized autonomous organization owned and managed by community members and automatically enforces rules through smart contracts. 1. It does not have traditional management, and decisions are decided by collective voting; 2. Governance tokens give members the voting rights, the more tokens, the greater the weight; 3. Proposals are initiated and voted by the community, and will be automatically executed by the smart contract after receiving the majority support. Its core features include decentralization, autonomy and transparency, and all rules and capital flows are open and auditable. The importance of DAO is to create a more fair, efficient and cohesive collaboration model, breaking regional and identity restrictions, and improving trust and operational efficiency.

What is Useless Coin? Overview of USELESS currency usage, outstanding features and future growth potential What is Useless Coin? Overview of USELESS currency usage, outstanding features and future growth potential Jul 24, 2025 pm 11:54 PM

What are the key points of the catalog? UselessCoin: Overview and Key Features of USELESS The main features of USELESS UselessCoin (USELESS) Future price outlook: What impacts the price of UselessCoin in 2025 and beyond? Future Price Outlook Core Functions and Importances of UselessCoin (USELESS) How UselessCoin (USELESS) Works and What Its Benefits How UselessCoin Works Major Advantages About USELESSCoin's Companies Partnerships How they work together

See all articles