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Table of Contents
What is Composition?
What is Aggregation?
When to Use Composition vs Aggregation
Home Java javaTutorial What is the difference between composition and aggregation?

What is the difference between composition and aggregation?

Jun 25, 2025 pm 03:57 PM
combination polymerization

The difference between Composition and aggregation is the tightness of association between objects. 1. Composition is a strong "ownership" relationship. The child object cannot exist independently of the parent object, such as car and engine, and its life cycle is bound. It is represented by a solid diamond in UML; 2. Aggregation is a weak "ownership" relationship. The child object can exist independently, such as department and teacher, and its life cycle is not bound. It is represented by a hollow diamond in UML; 3. When selecting a combination, if the part leaves the whole and leaves it meaningless or needs to control its life cycle, such as windows and borders; 4. When selecting aggregation, if the part can exist independently and needs to be shared flexibly, such as school and students. The key to judging is whether the sub-object can exist independently.

What is the difference between composition and aggregation?

The difference between composition and aggregation comes down to how tightly connected objects are in a relationship. In short: composition is a strong "has-a" relationship where the child can't exist without the parent, while aggregation is a weaker form where the child can exist independently.


What is Composition?

Composition represents a part-whole relationship where parts belong exclusively to a whole. If the whole is destroyed, the parts are too—because they don't make sense outside of it.

Think of a Car and its Engine . The engine exists as part of the car. Once the car is gone (say, scrapped), the engine typically doesn't continue to live on in the same context. That makes it a good example of composition.

  • The lifecycle of the part is tied to the whole.
  • It's represented by a filled diamond in UML diagrams.
  • Implementation-wise, the whole usually creates or owns the part directly.

This kind of relationship enforces tight coupling, which makes sense when components aren't reusable on their own.


What is Aggregation?

Aggregation is also a part-whole relationship, but here, the part can exist even if the whole doesn't. It's like a department and a teacher: a teacher can belong to a department, but if that department is closed, the teacher still exists and might just move to another one.

  • The child object can be shared among multiple parent objects.
  • Lifecycle of the child isn't controlled by the parent.
  • Represented with an empty diamond in UML.

In code, this often looks like passing an existing object into another via dependency injection or references. It promotes reuse and loose coupling.


When to Use Composition vs Aggregation

Choosing between them depends on how closely related the objects should be:

  • Use composition when:

    • The part has no meaning outside the whole.
    • You want to enforce ownership and control lifecycle.
    • Example: a Window and its Frame .
  • Use aggregation when:

    • The part can logically exist on its own.
    • You need flexibility and sharing of components.
    • Example: a School and its Students .

It's not always black and white, but asking “can this part exist without the whole?” helps decide.


So yeah, the key is whether the contained object can stand alone. Composition means no, aggregation means yes. It's not complicated once you focus on object lifecycles and ownership.

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