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Table of Contents
Use the tool class in java.util.concurrent package
Use thread pools reasonably instead of creating threads frequently
Avoid sharing mutable states and prioritize immutable objects
Pay attention to deadlocks, live locks and resource hunger issues
Home Java javaTutorial What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?

What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?

Jul 10, 2025 am 11:48 AM
java Concurrent programming

When writing efficient and thread-safe concurrent Java code, the following points should be followed: 1. Use tool classes in the java.util.concurrent package, such as ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList, and BlockingQueue, to improve performance and reliability; 2. Use thread pools (such as ExecutorService or ForkJoinPool) to manage thread resources reasonably, and set the appropriate number of threads according to the task type; 3. Avoid sharing mutable state, give priority to using immutable objects, and use atomic classes or locking mechanisms to ensure thread safety if necessary; 4. Pay attention to avoid deadlocks, live locks and resource hunger issues. You can use jstack tools to troubleshoot deadlocks, and ensure that multiple locks are obtained in the same order.

What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?

The key to writing concurrent Java code is to take into account performance and thread safety. Java provides a wealth of concurrency tool classes and mechanisms, but it is easy to cause problems if it is not used properly. The following points are a summary of more practical experience in actual development.

What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?

Use the tool class in java.util.concurrent package

The java.util.concurrent package introduced by JDK5 greatly simplifies concurrent programming. for example:

What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?
  • ConcurrentHashMap : A more efficient thread-safe Map than Collections.synchronizedMap
  • CopyOnWriteArrayList : suitable for scenarios where more reads, less writes,
  • BlockingQueue implementation classes (such as LinkedBlockingQueue ) : Very suitable for use in producer-consumer models

These classes are fully tested and optimized, which are more reliable than locking yourself and can also reduce the risks of deadlock and race conditions.


Use thread pools reasonably instead of creating threads frequently

Frequently new Thread is inefficient and resource-consuming. It is recommended to use ExecutorService or ForkJoinPool to manage thread resources:

What are the best practices for writing concurrent Java code?
  • Create a fixed-size thread pool using Executors.newFixedThreadPool(n)
  • For asynchronous tasks or parallel computing, you can consider using CompletableFuture with ForkJoinPool

Note that you set the appropriate number of threads according to the task type. For example, CPU-intensive tasks are usually set to the number of CPU cores, while I/O-intensive can be increased appropriately.


Avoid sharing mutable states and prioritize immutable objects

Multiple threads are most likely to have problems when accessing the same data. Solutions include:

  • Try to avoid shared variables, or design shared variables as immutable
  • If you have to modify the state, you can use synchronized , ReentrantLock to lock, or use atomic classes like AtomicInteger

For example:

 private AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
counter.incrementAndGet(); // Thread-safe operation

This method is more efficient than synchronizing the entire method and is easier to control the granularity.


Pay attention to deadlocks, live locks and resource hunger issues

One of the most hidden problems in concurrent programs is deadlock. Common reasons include:

  • Multiple threads acquire multiple locks in different orders
  • The lock is not released or the waiting condition is not met, causing the thread to be blocked continuously

To troubleshoot deadlocks, you can use the jstack tool to view thread stack information. Also, try to avoid nested locks. If multiple locks must be used, make sure all threads are acquired in the same order.


Basically that's it. Concurrent programming itself is complicated, but as long as you master the tools and patterns, many problems can be avoided.

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