What is the zero-knowledge proof of blockchain? How does zk-SNARKs work?
Jul 11, 2025 pm 08:42 PM
The core of blockchain technology lies in transparency and distributed accounting, but this transparency can sometimes bring privacy issues. Zero-knowledge proof is a cryptographic tool that allows one party (proverb) to prove to the other party (verb) that a statement is true without revealing any information other than the statement is true. It's like proving that you know a secret without telling the other person what the secret itself is.
Application of Zero Knowledge Proof in Blockchain
1. When conducting transactions on public ledgers, zero-knowledge proofs can be used to verify the validity of the transaction, such as proof that the payer does have sufficient funds without the need to disclose the balance or transaction amount of the payer.
2. This helps enhance user privacy, making activities performed on the blockchain more private while still keeping the system secure and trustworthy.
3. Zero-knowledge proof can confirm the correctness of smart contract execution or certain attributes of user identity without exposing the underlying data.
Understand zk-SNARKs
1. zk-SNARKs is a specific form of zero-knowledge proof, and its full name is "Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge".
2. An important feature of it is "Succinct" , which means that the size of the proof is very small and the speed of verifying the proof is very fast, regardless of the computational complexity of the proof.
3. "Non-Interactive" means that the proof only needs to generate one proof, and the verifier can verify it with this proof, and both parties do not need to communicate back and forth multiple times.
4. "Argument of Knowledge" is a technical term that shows that the validity of proof depends on computational assumptions rather than strict mathematical logic (although in practice, this computational guarantee is already strong enough).
Workflow of zk-SNARKs
1. The use of zk-SNARKs usually begins with a "setup" phase, or is called a "trusted setup". At this stage, some public parameters (public reference string, CRS) are generated, which are crucial to both the generation and verification of proofs. This setup process is critical to security and requires participants to destroy the secret information used to generate the parameters .
2. A proof of the secret information (“witness”) and statements to be proved, using these secret information, statements, and public reference strings to calculate a zero-knowledge proof. This proof is usually a very small string.
3. Any validator with a public reference string and statement to be verified can check the validity of the proof with a quick calculation. The verification process only confirms that the proofreader knows the underlying secret information stated, and does not reveal the secret information itself.
4. The simplicity of this proof process and verification process makes zk-SNARKs ideal for application in blockchains because they can store and verify compact proofs on the chain without consuming large amounts of computing resources or storage space.
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