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Table of Contents
1、模式定義
2、UML類圖
3、示例代碼
4、測試代碼
5、總結
Home Backend Development PHP Tutorial PHP 設計模式系列 -- 模板方法模式(Template Method)

PHP 設計模式系列 -- 模板方法模式(Template Method)

Jun 20, 2016 pm 12:40 PM

1、模式定義

模板方法模式又叫模板模式,該模式在一個方法中定義一個算法的骨架,而將一些步驟延遲到子類中。模板方法使得子類可以在不改變算法結構的情況下,重新定義算法中的某些步驟。

模板方法模式將主要的方法定義為 final ,防止子類修改算法骨架,將子類必須實現(xiàn)的方法定義為 abstract 。而普通的方法(無 final 或 abstract 修飾)則稱之為鉤子( hook )。

2、UML類圖

3、示例代碼

Journey.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;abstract class Journey{    /**     * 該方法是父類和子類提供的公共服務     * 注意到方法前加了final,意味著子類不能重寫該方法     */    final public function takeATrip()    {        $this->buyAFlight();        $this->takePlane();        $this->enjoyVacation();        $this->buyGift();        $this->takePlane();    }    /**     * 該方法必須被子類實現(xiàn), 這是模板方法模式的核心特性     */    abstract protected function enjoyVacation();    /**     * 這個方法也是算法的一部分,但是是可選的,只有在需要的時候才去重寫它     */    protected function buyGift()    {    }    /**     * 子類不能訪問該方法     */    private function buyAFlight()    {        echo "Buying a flight\n";    }    /**     * 這也是個final方法     */    final protected function takePlane()    {        echo "Taking the plane\n";    }}

BeachJourney.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * BeachJourney類(在海灘度假) */class BeachJourney extends Journey{    protected function enjoyVacation()    {        echo "Swimming and sun-bathing\n";    }}

CityJourney.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * CityJourney類(在城市中度假) */class CityJourney extends Journey{    protected function enjoyVacation()    {        echo "Eat, drink, take photos and sleep\n";    }}

4、測試代碼

Tests/JourneyTest.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * JourneyTest測試所有的度假 */class JourneyTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{    public function testBeach()    {        $journey = new TemplateMethod\BeachJourney();        $this->expectOutputRegex('#sun-bathing#');        $journey->takeATrip();    }    public function testCity()    {        $journey = new TemplateMethod\CityJourney();        $this->expectOutputRegex('#drink#');        $journey->takeATrip();    }    /**     * 在PHPUnit中如何測試抽象模板方法     */    public function testLasVegas()    {        $journey = $this->getMockForAbstractClass('DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod\Journey');        $journey->expects($this->once())            ->method('enjoyVacation')            ->will($this->returnCallback(array($this, 'mockUpVacation')));        $this->expectOutputRegex('#Las Vegas#');        $journey->takeATrip();    }    public function mockUpVacation()    {        echo "Fear and loathing in Las Vegas\n";    }}

5、總結

模板方法模式是基于繼承的代碼復用技術,模板方法模式的結構和用法也是面向對象設計的核心之一。在模板方法模式中,可以將相同的代碼放在父類中,而將不同的方法實現(xiàn)放在不同的子類中。

在模板方法模式中,我們需要準備一個抽象類,將部分邏輯以具體方法以及具體構造函數(shù)的形式實現(xiàn),然后聲明一些抽象方法來讓子類實現(xiàn)剩余的邏輯。不同的子類可以以不同的方式實現(xiàn)這些抽象方法,從而對剩余的邏輯有不同的實現(xiàn),這就是模板方法模式的用意。模板方法模式體現(xiàn)了面向對象的諸多重要思想,是一種使用頻率較高的模式。

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