Packfile is an efficient mechanism used by Git to package, compress and transfer repository objects. When you execute gitpush, gitfetch or gitclone, what Git actually transmits is the packfile; 1. It is initially generated by loose objects through gitgc or gitrepack commands and stored in the .git/objects/pack/ directory; 2. The packfile not only contains object data, but also records the delta relationship between objects, and achieves rapid search with index file (.idx). 3. This design reduces the transmission volume and improves synchronization efficiency; 4. A large number of small packfiles may affect performance, and can be used through gitgc or git

To view Git commit history, use the gitlog command. 1. The basic usage is gitlog, which can display the submission hash, author, date and submission information; 2. Use gitlog--oneline to obtain a concise view; 3. Filter by author or submission information through --author and --grep; 4. Add -p to view code changes, --stat to view change statistics; 5. Use --graph and --all to view branch history, or use visualization tools such as GitKraken and VSCode.

To delete a Git branch, first make sure it has been merged or no retention is required. Use gitbranch-d to delete the local merged branch. If you need to force delete unmerged branches, use the -D parameter. Remote branch deletion uses the gitpushorigin-deletebranch-name command, and can synchronize other people's local repositories through gitfetch-prune. 1. To delete the local branch, you need to confirm whether it has been merged; 2. To delete the remote branch, you need to use the --delete parameter; 3. After deletion, you should verify whether the branch is successfully removed; 4. Communicate with the team to avoid accidentally deleting shared branches; 5. Clean useless branches regularly to keep the warehouse clean.

ToswitchGitbranches,firstupdatethelocalrepowithgitfetch,checkexistingbrancheswithgitbranchcommands,thenusegitcheckoutorgitswitchtochangebranches,handlinguncommittedchangesbycommitting,stashing,ordiscardingthem.WhenswitchingGitbranches,ensureyourlocal

To add a subtree to a Git repository, first add the remote repository and get its history, then merge it into a subdirectory using the gitmerge and gitread-tree commands. The steps are as follows: 1. Use the gitremoteadd-f command to add a remote repository; 2. Run gitmerge-srecursive-no-commit to get branch content; 3. Use gitread-tree--prefix= to specify the directory to merge the project as a subtree; 4. Submit changes to complete the addition; 5. When updating, gitfetch first and repeat the merging and steps to submit the update. This method keeps the external project history complete and easy to maintain.

To discard the modifications in the Git working directory and return to the state of the last commit, 1. For the modifications of the tracked files, use gitcheckout-- or gitcheckout--. Discard all modifications; 2. For new files that are not tracked, use gitclean-f to delete the files. If the directory is included, use gitclean-fd. Before execution, use gitclean-fd to preview the delete content; 3. If you need to reset all changes (including the temporary storage area and the working directory), use gitreset-hard. This command will reset the working directory and the temporary storage area. Be sure to operate with caution. These methods can be used individually or in combination to achieve the purpose of cleaning up the working directory.

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To force delete an unmerged Git branch, use the gitbranch-D command. This command ignores the merge status of the branch and deletes it directly. It is suitable for useless branches after testing, abandoned feature branches, or local old branches that need to be recreated from remotely. However, it should be noted that the submission record will still exist locally after deletion and will eventually be cleaned up by the garbage collection mechanism; after mistaken deletion, it can be restored through gitreflog, but the window period is short. Therefore, before execution, be sure to confirm that the branch is useless, uncooperated and the name is correct to avoid data loss.