To correctly shut down or restart the Linux system, use the corresponding commands and pay attention to permissions and operation details. 1. Sudo shutdown -h now can be shut down immediately, or sudo shutdown -h 10 can be shut down regularly, and notification messages can be attached; 2. Sudo reboot or sudo shutdown -r now can be shut down. Before operation, you should save the work, confirm that no other users are online, ensure that the server can be connected remotely, and avoid frequent power outages. Master these key points to safely perform shutdown or restart operations.

Shut down or restarting the Linux system is not complicated. The key is to use the right command and pay attention to the current user permissions. The two most commonly used commands are shutdown and reboot , but how to use them and when depends on your actual scenario.

How to shut down correctly?

In Linux, ordinary users usually do not have permission to shut down directly and need to use sudo permission to execute commands. The most common way is to use the shutdown command:

• Turn off the power immediately:

   sudo shutdown -h now

• Timely shutdown (for example, after 10 minutes):

   sudo shutdown -h 10

Here -h means halt (stop the system), now means execution immediately. If you want to notify other logged in users in advance that the system will be closed soon, you can add a message, such as:

 sudo shutdown -h 5 "System will shutdown in 5 minutes!"

How to quickly restart the system?

If you just want to restart instead of shutting down, you can use the reboot command directly:

 sudo reboot

This command is simple and direct, suitable for use after updating the kernel or service configuration. It will immediately terminate all processes and restart the system, so make sure there are no important tasks running.

You can also use the shutdown command to restart:

 sudo shutdown -r now

Here -r means reboot.

What should you pay attention to before shutting down or restarting?

Although these commands may seem simple, improper operation may lead to data loss or file system corruption. The following points need to be noted:

• Save the ongoing work : the system will force the process to end after the command is executed, and unsaved data may be lost.
• Confirm that no other users are online : you can use the who command to check which users are currently logged in.
• If it is a remote server, make sure to reconnect : especially after restarting, if there is a problem with the network or SSH configuration, you may lose control.
• Do not frequently power off instead of shutting down the power : unplugging the power supply or shutting down the virtual machine may cause damage to the system files.

Basically that's it. Remember a few common commands and cooperate with a little bit of care to safely shut down or restart.

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