The key to handling errors in Go language is to always check errors, properly wrap the context and handle them uniformly. Go uses return value to handle errors. The common way is to use error as the last return value, such as data, err := os.ReadFile("file.txt"); err must be checked and cannot be ignored; it is recommended to use fmt.Errorf or errors.Wrap to add context to troubleshoot problems; Go 1.13 supports %w wrapping errors, and can use errors.Is and errors.As to judge; avoid repeated printing of error logs; errors can be handled uniformly at key nodes instead of panic; custom error types can be improved readability by defining structures such as type MyError struct { Code int Msg string }; Finally, if err != nil is the style of Go error handling, and details should be paid attention to to ensure code robustness.
It is actually quite straightforward to deal with errors in Golang. The key is to understand its error handling mechanism and develop good habits. Go does not have an exception mechanism like other languages ??(such as try/catch), but instead treats errors as values. Although it seems a bit long-winded, its logic is clearer and has stronger control.
Errors are not optional, always check
In Go, a function error usually returns a value of type error , most commonly as the last return value. for example:
data, err := os.ReadFile("file.txt")
if err != nil {
// Handle error} Many newbies may ignore checking err , or write a _ error, which is a very dangerous approach in actual development. The correct way is to make a judgment every time you get an error, even if you just record the log.
suggestion:
- Never ignore error
- Don't use
_to skip the error variable - If you do know that an operation will not go wrong, you can add comments to explain the reason
Packaging and passing error messages should be clear
Sometimes we not only want to "discover" errors, but also want to keep the context to facilitate troubleshooting. At this time, you can use fmt.Errorf to add context, or use errors.Wrap in the standard library (if you use pkg/errors ).
for example:
_, err := os.Open("file.txt")
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("opening file failed: %v", err)
} If you are using Go 1.13, the standard library already supports .Unwrap() method, you can make more detailed error judgments through errors.Is and errors.As .
hint:
- Use
%wto wrap the error for subsequent extraction - Do not print errors repeatedly to avoid log confusion
- Unified error handling at critical nodes, instead of panic every function
Customize error types to improve readability
Sometimes we need to distinguish between different types of errors, such as database connection failure and insufficient permissions. You can define the error type yourself:
type MyError struct {
Code int
Msg string
}
func (e MyError) Error() string {
return e.Msg
} Then, when processing, you can use errors.As to determine the specific type:
var myErr *MyError
if errors.As(err, &myErr) {
fmt.Println("Error code:", myErr.Code)
}This can make the code easier to maintain and also facilitate the provision of a unified error response format.
Summarize how to use error
- Don't be afraid to write if err != nil , this is Go's style. If you get used to it, you will feel clear
- Errors need context , otherwise it will be painful to debug
- Appropriately encapsulate error types for unified processing
- Don't use panic/recover indiscriminately unless it is a truly unrecoverable error
Basically all is it, not complicated but it is easy to ignore details.
The above is the detailed content of How to handle errors in golang. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
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